ESTATES
| Title I: Successions
Chapter I: The opening of successions, the universal title and the referral Article 720 Successions open with death, at the last domicile of the deceased. Article 721 The inheritances devolve according to the law when the deceased has not disposed of his property by gifts. They can be devolved by the gifts of the deceased to the extent compatible with the reserve. hereditary. Article 722 Agreements whose purpose is to create rights or to waive rights over all or part of a succession not yet opened or of a dependent property only have effect in the cases where they are permitted by law. Article 724 The heirs designated by law are automatically seized of the property, rights and actions of the deceased. The legatees and universal donees are entered under the conditions provided for in Title II of this delivered. If they do not, the succession is acquired by the State, which must be sent for possession.
Article 724-1 The provisions of this title, in particular those concerning the option, joint ownership and sharing, apply as of reason to legatees and universal donees or to universal title, when it is not derogated from there by any particular rule. Chapter II: Qualifications required to succeed – Proof of quality of heir. Section 1: Qualities required to succeed. Article 725 To succeed, one must exist at the time of the opening of the succession or, having already been conceived, be born viable. The person whose absence is presumed under section 112 may succeed. Article 725-1 When two people, one of whom was intended to succeed the other, perish in the same event, the order of deaths is established by any means. If this order cannot be determined, the succession of each of them devolves without the other. be called. However, if one of the co-deceased leaves descendants, these can represent their author in the succession of the other when the representation is admitted. Article 726 The following are unworthy of succeeding and, as such, excluded from the succession: 1 ° Whoever is condemned, as author or accomplice, to a criminal penalty for having willfully given or attempted to kill the deceased;
2 ° Whoever is condemned, as author or accomplice, to a criminal penalty for having willfully beaten or committed violence or assault resulting in the death of the deceased without intention of giving it. Article 727 The following may be declared unworthy of succeeding: 1 ° Whoever is condemned, as author or accomplice, to a correctional sentence for having willfully given or attempted to kill the deceased; 2 ° Whoever is condemned, as author or accomplice, to a correctional sentence for having willfully committed violence resulting in the death of the deceased without intention of giving it; 3 ° The one who is convicted for false testimony brought against the deceased in a procedure criminal; 4 ° He who is condemned for having voluntarily refrained from preventing either a crime or an offense against the bodily integrity of the deceased from which death resulted, when he could do so without risk for him or for third parties; 5 ° He who is condemned for slanderous denunciation against the deceased when, for the facts denounced, a criminal penalty was incurred; Can also be declared unworthy of succeeding those who committed the acts mentioned in 1 ° and 2 ° and in respect of which, due to their death, public action could not be taken or has died out. Article 727-1 The declaration of unworthiness provided for in article 727 is pronounced after the opening of the succession by the tribunal de grande instance at the request of another heir. The request must be made within six months from the death if the conviction or conviction decision is earlier than death, or within six months of this decision if it is subsequent to the death. In the absence of an heir, the request can be made by the public prosecutor. Article 728 The successor suffering from a cause of unworthiness provided for in Articles 726 is not excluded from the succession. and 727, when the deceased, subsequent to the facts and to his knowledge of them, specified, by
an express declaration of will in testamentary form, which he intends to maintain in his hereditary rights or made him a universal or universal liberality. Article 729 The heir excluded from the succession for unworthiness is bound to return all the fruits and income which he has enjoyed since the opening of the succession. Article 729-1 Children of the unworthy are not excluded by the fault of their author, either they come to the succession of their leader, or whether they come there by the effect of the representation; but the unworthy cannot, in any case, claim, on the property of this succession, the enjoyment that the law grants to the father and mother over their children’s property. Section 2: Proof of the quality of heir. Article 730 The proof of the quality of heir is established by any means. There is no derogation from the provisions or customs concerning the issuance of certificates of ownership. or inheritance by judicial or administrative authorities. Article 730-1 The proof of the quality of heir may result from an act of notoriety drawn up by a notary, at the request from one or more beneficiaries. The deed of notoriety must cover the death certificate of the person whose inheritance is open and make mention of the supporting documents that may have been produced, such as civil status documents and, possibly, the documents concerning the existence of gifts on account of death that may have an impact on the devolution of the estate. It contains the affirmation, signed by the author (s) who made the request, that they are intended, alone or with others they designate, to collect all or part of the deceased’s estate. Anyone whose words seem useful can be called to act. Mention is made of the existence of the act of notoriety alongside the death certificate.
Article 730-2 The statement contained in the act of notoriety does not, by itself, imply acceptance of the succession. Article 730-3 The act of notoriety thus established is authentic until proven otherwise. Whoever invokes it is presumed to have hereditary rights in the proportion found therein. indicated. Article 730-4 The heirs designated in the deed of notoriety or their common representative are deemed, with regard to third party holders of property of the succession, have free disposal of this property and, in the case of funds, their free disposal in the proportion indicated in the deed. Article 730-5 Whoever, knowingly and in bad faith, avails himself of an act of inaccurate notoriety, incurs the concealment penalties provided for in article 778, without prejudice to damages. Chapter III: Heirs. Article 731 The inheritance devolves by law to the successor parents and spouse of the deceased in the conditions defined below. Article 732 The surviving spouse is not divorced.
Section 1: Parents’ rights in the absence of a successible spouse. Article 733 The law does not distinguish according to the methods of establishing filiation to determine the parents called to succeed. The rights resulting from adoptive filiation are regulated under the adoption. Paragraph 1: Orders of heirs. Article 734 In the absence of a successible spouse, the parents are called upon to succeed as follows: 1 ° Children and their descendants; 2 ° The father and mother; the brothers and sisters and the descendants of the latter; 3 ° Ascendants other than the father and mother; 4 ° Collateral other than the brothers and sisters and the descendants of the latter. Each of these four categories constitutes an order of heirs which excludes the following ones. Article 735 Children or their descendants succeed their father and mother or other ascendants, without distinction of sex, nor of primogeniture, even if they come from different unions. Article 736 When the deceased leaves neither posterity, nor brother, nor sister, nor descendants of the latter, his father and mother succeed him, each for half.
Article 737 When the father and mother are deceased before the deceased and the latter leaves no posterity, the brothers and sisters of the deceased or their descendants succeed him, to the exclusion of the other parents, ascendants or collaterals. Article 738 When the father and mother survive the deceased and the latter has no offspring, but brothers and sisters or descendants of the latter, the succession devolves, for a quarter, to each of the father and mother and, for the remaining half, to siblings or their descendants. When only one of the father and mother survives, the succession devolves for a quarter to him and for three quarters to brothers and sisters or their descendants. Article 738-1 When only the father or mother survives and the deceased has no descendants, brothers, sisters or descendants of these, but leaves one or more ascendants of the other branch than that of his father or his surviving mother, the succession devolves half to the father or the mother and half to the ascendants of the other branch. Article 738-2 When the father and mother or one of them survive the deceased and the latter has no offspring, they can in any case exercise a right of return, up to the quotas fixed in the first paragraph of article 738, on the goods that the deceased had received from them by donation. The value of the portion of the goods subject to the right of return is deducted in priority from the rights estates of the father and mother. When the right of return cannot be exercised in kind, it is executed in value, within the limit of the asset inheritance. Article 739 In the absence of an heir to the first two orders, the succession devolves to ascendants other than the
father and mother. Article 740 In the absence of an heir to the first three orders, the succession devolves to the collateral parents of the deceased other than siblings and descendants of the latter. Paragraph 2: Degrees. Article 741 The proximity of kinship is established by the number of generations; each generation is called a degree. Article 742 The series of degrees forms the line; we call a direct line the series of degrees between people who descend from each other; collateral line, the series of degrees between people who do not descend not from each other, but descended from a common author. A distinction is made between the direct descending line and the direct ascending line. Article 743 In a direct line, there are as many degrees as there are generations between people: thus, the child is, with regard to the father and the mother, in the first degree, the grandson or the granddaughter in the second ; and reciprocally of the father and the mother with regard to the child and the ancestors with regard to the grandson or of the granddaughter; and so on. In collateral line, the degrees are counted by generation, from one of the parents up to and not including the common author, and from this to the other parent. Thus, the brothers and sisters are in the second degree; uncle or aunt and nephew or niece are at third degree; first cousins and first cousins in the fourth; and so on. Article 744 In each order, the closest heir excludes the most distant heir in degree.
With equality of degree, the heirs succeed by equal portion and by head. All except what will be said below about the division by branches and the representation. Article 745 Collateral parents do not succeed beyond the sixth degree. Paragraph 3: Of the division by branches, paternal and maternal. Article 746 Kinship is divided into two branches, depending on whether it proceeds from the father or the mother. Article 747 When the succession devolves to ascendants, it is divided by half between those of the paternal branch and those of the maternal branch. Article 748 In each branch succeeds, to the exclusion of any other, the ascendant which is found at the most close. Ascendants to the same degree succeed by head. In the absence of an ascendant in one branch, the ascendants of the other branch collect all the succession. Article 749 When the succession devolves to collateral other than the brothers and sisters or their descendants, it is divided by half between those of the paternal branch and those of the kindergarten.
Article 750 In each branch succeeds, to the exclusion of any other, the collateral which is found at the most close. Collaterals to the same degree succeed per capita. In the absence of collateral in one branch, the collateral of the other branch collects all the succession. Paragraph 4: Representation. Article 751 Representation is a legal fiction which has the effect of calling representatives to inherit to the rights of the principal. Article 752 The performance takes place ad infinitum in the direct descending line. It is accepted in all cases, either that the children of the deceased compete with the descendants of a predeceased child, or that all the children of the deceased having died before him, the descendants said children are found among themselves in equal or unequal degrees. Article 752-1 Representation does not take place in favor of ascendants; closest, in each of the two lines, always excludes the furthest. Article 752-2 In collateral line, representation is allowed in favor of children and descendants of brothers or sisters of the deceased, either they come to his estate concurrently with uncles or aunts, or
that all the brothers and sisters of the deceased being predeceased, the succession is devolved to their descendants in equal or unequal degrees. Article 753 In all cases where representation is allowed, the sharing takes place by strain, as if the represented came to the estate; if necessary, it is carried out by subdivision of the stump. Inside of a strain or a subdivision of a strain, the division is made per head. Article 754 We represent the predeceased, we only represent the renouncers in the successions devolved in direct or collateral line. The children of the renouncer conceived before the opening of the succession from which the renouncer has been excluded return to the latter’s estate the goods which they have inherited in his stead, if they come into competition with other children conceived after the opening of the succession. The report is done in accordance with the provisions set out in section 2 of chapter VIII of this title. Unless the arranging party wishes otherwise, in the event of representation of a waiver, donations made to the latter are charged, where applicable, to the reserve share that should have accrued to him if he had not waived. We can represent the one to whose succession we have renounced. Article 755 Representation is allowed in favor of children and descendants of the unworthy, although the latter or alive when the succession opens. The provisions of the second paragraph of article 754 are applicable to children of the unworthy of his lifetime. Section 2: Rights of the successor spouse. Paragraph 1: The nature of the rights, their amount and their exercise
Article 756 The successible spouse is called upon to inherit, either alone or in conjunction with the parents of the deceased. Article 757 If the predeceased spouse leaves children or descendants, the surviving spouse collects, at his option, the usufruct of all the existing assets or the ownership of a quarter of the assets when all the children are from both spouses and the property of the quarter in the presence of one or more children who are not not from both spouses. Article 757-1 If, in the absence of children or descendants, the deceased leaves his father and mother, the surviving spouse collects half of the goods. The other half is allocated for a quarter to the father and for a quarter to the mother. When the father or mother is predeceased, the share that would have accrued to him goes to the surviving spouse. Article 757-2 In the absence of children or descendants of the deceased and his father and mother, the surviving spouse collects the entire estate. Article 757-3 By way of derogation from article 757-2, in the event of the predecease of the father and mother, the property that the deceased had received from his ascendants by inheritance or donation and which are found in kind in the inheritance are, in the absence of descendants, half vested in the brothers and sisters of the deceased or their descendants, themselves descendants of the predeceased parent (s) at the origin of the transmission. Article 758 When the surviving spouse collects all or three quarters of the property, the ascendants of the
deceased, other than the father and mother, who are in need have a maintenance claim against the succession of the predeceased. The time limit for claiming it is one year from the death or the time from which the heirs cease to pay the services they previously provided to ascendants. The delay is extends, in the event of joint ownership, until the end of the partition. The pension is deducted from the estate. It is borne by all the heirs and, in case of insufficiency, by all the legatees by particular title, in proportion to their emolument. However, if the deceased has expressly declared that such bequest will be paid in preference to others, he Article 927 will be applied. Article 758-1 When the spouse has the choice of ownership or usufruct, his rights are not transferable until he has not exercised his option. Article 758-2 The option of the spouse between the usufruct and the property is proven by any means. Article 758-3 Any heir can invite the spouse in writing to exercise his option. For lack of taking sides in writing within three months, the spouse is deemed to have opted for the usufruct. Article 758-4 The spouse is deemed to have opted for the usufruct if he dies without taking sides. Article 758-5 The calculation of the right to full ownership of the spouse provided for in articles 757 and 757-1 will be carried out on a mass made up of all the assets existing on the death of her husband to which will be fictitiously reunited those which he would have disposed of, either by deed inter vivos or by testamentary deed, for the benefit of successors, without exemption from report. The spouse will only be able to exercise their right over property that the predeceased person has not had or by deed
inter vivos, nor by testamentary deed, and without prejudicing the rights of reserve or the rights of return. Article 758-6 The gifts received from the deceased by the surviving spouse are deducted from the rights of the latter in the succession. When the gifts thus received are lower than the rights defined in Articles 757 and 757-1, the surviving spouse can claim the supplement, without ever receiving a portion of the property greater than the portion defined in article 1094-1. Paragraph 2: Conversion of the usufruct Article 759 Any usufruct belonging to the spouse on the property of the predeceased person, whether it results from the law, from a will or donation of future property, gives rise to a possibility of conversion into an annuity life, at the request of one of the bare owner heirs or of the successor spouse himself. Article 759-1 The option of conversion cannot be waived. Coheirs cannot be deprived by the will of the predeceased. Article 760 In the absence of agreement between the parties, the conversion request is submitted to the judge. She may be introduced until final sharing. If he grants the conversion request, the judge determines the amount of the annuity, the securities that must provide the debtor joint heirs, as well as the specific type of indexation to maintain the initial equivalence of the annuity to the usufruct. However, the judge may not order against the will of the spouse the conversion of the usufruct bearing on the accommodation it occupies as a main residence, as well as on the furniture furnishing it. Article 761
By agreement between the heirs and the spouse, the usufruct of the joint in a capital. Article 762 The conversion of the usufruct is included in the sharing transactions. It has no effect retroactive, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. Paragraph 3: The right to temporary housing and the life right to housing Article 763 If, at the time of death, the successor spouse actually occupies, as principal residence, housing belonging to the spouses or totally dependent on the inheritance, it has full rights, for one year, the free use of this accommodation, as well as the furniture, included in the succession, which garnishes it. If his home was insured by means of a rental agreement or a unit belonging in part to undivided to the deceased, the rents or the occupancy allowance will be reimbursed to him by the succession during the year, as and when they are acquitted. The rights provided for in this article are deemed to be direct effects of marriage and not rights. inheritance. This article is of public order. Article 764 Unless the deceased wishes otherwise expressed in the conditions of article 971, the spouse successor who actually occupied, at the time of death, as principal residence, a accommodation belonging to the spouses or totally dependent on the estate, a on this accommodation, until his death, a right of habitation and a right of use on the furniture, included in the succession, garnishing it. The deprivation of these rights of habitation and use expressed by the deceased under the conditions mentioned in the first paragraph has no impact on the usufruct rights that the spouse collects in by virtue of the law or of a donation, which continue to obey their own rules.
These housing and use rights are exercised under the conditions provided for in articles 627, 631, 634 and 635. The spouse, the other heirs or one of them may require that an inventory be drawn up furniture and a condition of the building subject to use and housing rights. By way of derogation from articles 631 and 634, when the situation of the spouse means that the housing encumbered with right of residence is no longer adapted to his needs, the spouse or his representative can rent it to use other than commercial or agricultural in order to free up the resources necessary for new accommodation conditions. Article 765 The value of housing and use rights is deducted from the value of inheritance rights collected by the spouse. If the value of the rights of residence and use is lower than that of his inheritance rights, the spouse can take the supplement on existing assets. If the value of the rights of residence and use is greater than that of his inheritance rights, the spouse is not required to reward the estate for the excess. Article 765-1 The spouse has one year from the date of death to express his wish to benefit from these rights. of habitation and use. Article 765-2 When the accommodation was subject to a rental lease, the successor spouse who, at the time of death, actually occupied the premises as a main dwelling benefits from the right of use on the furniture, included in the estate, furnishing it. Article 766 The successor spouse and the heirs may, by agreement, convert the rights of residence and of use in a life annuity or in capital. If a minor or a protected adult is among the successors parties to the agreement, the agreement
must be authorized by the guardianship judge. Paragraph 4: Right to pension Article 767 The estate of the predeceased spouse owes a pension to the successor spouse who is in need. The time limit for claiming it is one year from the death or the time when the heirs cease to pay the benefits they previously provided to the spouse. The time limit is extended, in the event of of joint possession, until the end of the partition. Alimony is deducted from the estate. It is borne by all the heirs and, in case of insufficiency, by all the legatees by particular title, in proportion to their emolument. However, if the deceased has expressly declared that such bequest will be paid in preference to others, he Article 927 will be applied. Chapter IV: The heir’s option Section 1: General provisions. Article 768 The heir can accept the inheritance outright or renounce it. It can also accept the succession up to the amount of the net assets when it has a universal vocation or as a universal. The conditional or term option is null. Article 769 The option is indivisible. However, a person who has more than one inheritance vocation in the same succession has, for each from them, a separate right of option. Article 770
The option cannot be exercised before the opening of the succession, even by marriage contract. Article 771 The heir cannot be forced to opt before the expiration of a period of four months from the opening of the succession. At the end of this period, he may be summoned, by extrajudicial act, to take part in the initiative. of a creditor of the succession, of a co-heir, of a subsequent heir or of the State. Article 772 Within two months of the summons, the heir must take sides or request a delay. additional to the judge when he was unable to complete the inventory started or when it justifies other serious and legitimate reasons. This period is suspended from the date of the request extension until the decision of the judge seized. In the absence of having taken a stand at the expiration of the two-month period or the additional period granted, the heir is deemed to have accepted outright. Article 773 In the absence of a summons, the heir retains the right to opt, if he has not otherwise acted heir and if he is not held as heir accepting outright in application of articles 778, 790 or 800. Article 774 The provisions of articles 771, 772 and 773 apply to the successor heir of rank called to succeed when the first rank heir renounces the succession or is unworthy of succeeding. The the four-month period provided for in article 771 runs from the day on which the subsequent heir had knowledge of renunciation or indignity. Article 775 The provisions referred to in article 774 also apply to the heirs of a person who dies without having opted. The period of four months runs from the opening of the latter’s succession.
The heirs of the one who dies without having opted out exercise the option separately, each for his own part. Article 776 The option exercised has a retroactive effect from the day of the opening of the succession. Article 777 Error, fraud or violence is a cause of nullity of the option exercised by the heir. The nullity action is prescribed by five years from the day on which the error or fraud was discovered or from the day the violence stopped. Article 778 Without prejudice to damages, the heir who has concealed property or rights of a succession or concealed the existence of a co-heir is deemed to accept purely and simply the succession, notwithstanding any waiver or acceptance up to the amount of the net assets, without power claim any share in the misappropriated or concealed property or rights. The rights accruing to the heir concealed and which have or could have increased those of the author of the concealment are deemed to have been concealed by the latter. When the concealment relates to a returnable or reducible donation, the heir must report or reduction of this donation without being able to claim any share in it. The receiving heir is bound to return all the fruits and income produced by the concealed property of which he has had enjoyment since the opening of the estate. Article 779 The personal creditors of those who refrain from accepting a succession or who renounce a succession to the prejudice of their rights may be authorized in court to accept the succession of the head of their debtor, in his stead. Acceptance takes place only in favor of these creditors and up to the amount of their claims. She does not produce any other effect with regard to the heir. Article 780
The option is prescribed by ten years from the opening of the succession. The heir who has not taken sides within this period is deemed to have renounced. Prescription does not run against the heir who has left the surviving spouse in possession of the property. hereditary only from the opening of the latter’s succession. Prescription does not run against the subsequent heir of an heir whose acceptance is canceled until from the final decision noting this nullity. Prescription does not run as long as the successor has legitimate reasons for ignoring the birth of his right, in particular the opening of the succession. Article 781 When the limitation period mentioned in article 780 has expired, whoever avails himself of his heir status must justify that he or the person or persons from whom he holds this status have accepted this succession before the expiration of this period. Section 2: Pure and simple acceptance of the succession. Article 782 Pure and simple acceptance can be express or implied. It is express when the successor takes the title or the quality of accepting heir in an authentic instrument or under private signature. She is tacit when the seized successor performs an act which necessarily presupposes his intention to accept and that he would only have the right to do as an accepting heir. Article 783 Any transfer, free of charge or against payment, made by an heir of all or part of his rights in the succession implies outright acceptance. It is the same : 1 ° The waiver, even free, made by an heir in favor of one or more of his joint heirs or heirs of subsequent rank;
2 ° Of the renunciation he makes, even for the benefit of all his co-heirs or heirs of rank subsequent indiscriminately, against payment. Article 784 Purely conservatory or supervisory acts and acts of provisional administration can be accomplished without implying acceptance of the succession, if the successor has not taken the title or quality of heir. Any other act required by the interests of the succession and which the successor wishes to accomplish without to take the title or the quality of heir must be authorized by the judge. The following are deemed to be purely conservatory: 1 ° The payment of funeral costs and last illness, taxes owed by the deceased, rents and other estate debts whose settlement is urgent; 2 ° The recovery of the fruits and income of inheritance property or the sale of perishable property, to responsible for justifying that the funds were used to settle the debts referred to in 1 ° or were deposited with a notary or consigned; 3 ° The act intended to avoid the aggravation of the inheritance liabilities. The current operations necessary for the short-term continuation of the activity of the company depending on the succession. Are also deemed to be able to be accomplished without implying tacit acceptance of the succession on renewal, as lessor or lessee, of leases which, failing this, would give rise to the payment of compensation, as well as the implementation of administrative or provision made by the deceased and necessary for the proper functioning of the business. Article 785 The universal heir or by universal title who accepts the inheritance purely and simply responds indefinitely of the debts and charges which depend on it. Legacies of sums of money are only liable to the extent of the estate assets net of debts. Article 786 The heir accepting purely and simply can no longer renounce the succession nor accept it at
competition from net assets. However, he may ask to be discharged in whole or in part from his obligation to a debt. inheritance that he had legitimate reasons to ignore at the time of acceptance, when the payment of this debt would have the effect of seriously undermining his personal patrimony. The heir must bring the action within five months of the day on which he became aware of the existence and the importance of the debt. Section 3: Acceptance of the succession up to the amount of the assets net. Paragraph 1: Procedures for accepting the succession to competition from net assets. Article 787 An heir may declare that he intends to assume this quality only up to the amount of the net assets. Article 788 The declaration must be made to the registry of the tribunal de grande instance in whose jurisdiction the succession is open. It involves the election of a single domicile, which may be the domicile of one of the acceptors up to the amount of the net assets, or that of the person responsible for settling the succession. The domicile must be located in France. The declaration is registered and advertised nationally, which can be done through electronic. Article 789 The declaration is accompanied or followed by the inventory of the succession which includes a item-by-item estimate of assets and liabilities. The inventory is established by a judicial auctioneer, a bailiff or a notary, according to the laws and regulations applicable to these professions.
Article 790 The inventory is filed with the court within two months of the declaration. The heir can ask the judge for an additional time if he has serious and legitimate reasons that delay the filing of inventory. In this case, the two-month period is suspended from the request for extension. The filing of the inventory is subject to the same publicity as the declaration. Failure to deposit the inventory within the prescribed time limit, the heir is deemed to have accepted outright. Succession creditors and legatees of sums of money may, upon proof of their title, consult the inventory and obtain a copy. They can ask to be notified of any news publicity. Paragraph 2: Effects of acceptance of the succession to competition from net assets. Article 791 Acceptance up to the amount of net assets gives the heir the advantage: 1 ° To avoid the confusion of his personal property with that of the succession; 2 ° To retain against it all the rights he previously had over the property of the deceased; 3 ° To be liable for the payment of the debts of the succession only up to the value of the goods he collected. Article 792 The creditors of the succession declare their claims by notifying their title to the elected domicile of the succession. They are paid under the conditions provided for in article 796. Claims for which the amount is not yet definitively fixed are declared provisionally on the basis of an assessment. Failure to make a declaration within fifteen months from the publication provided for in article 788, unsecured claims on the property of the succession are extinguished with regard to the latter. This provision also benefits sureties and co-obligated, as well as persons having
granted an independent guarantee on the debt thus extinguished. Article 792-1 From its publication and during the period provided for in article 792, the declaration stops or prohibits any means of execution and any new registration of security on the part of the creditors of the succession, covering both furniture and buildings. However, for the application of the provisions of this section and subject to the service provided for in Article 877, garnishing creditors are considered to be holders of security interests in previously seized property and rights. Article 792-2 When the succession has been accepted by one or more heirs purely and simply and by a or several others up to the amount of the net assets, the rules applicable to this last option apply to all heirs until the day of the partition. The creditors of a succession accepted by one or more heirs outright and by others up to the amount of the net assets can cause sharing when they justify difficulties in the recovery of the part of their debt falling on the heirs accepting to competition from net assets. Article 793 Within the period provided for in article 792, the heir may declare that he is keeping in kind one or more property of the estate. In this case, he owes the value of the property fixed in the inventory. He can sell the goods he does not intend to keep. In this case, he owes the price of their alienation. Article 794 The declaration of the alienation or conservation of one or more goods is made in the fifteen days to the court which ensures its publicity. Without prejudice to the rights reserved to secured creditors, any inheritance creditor may contest before the judge, within three months after the advertisement mentioned in the first paragraph, the value of the property retained or, when the sale was made amicably, the price of the alienation in proving that the value of the property is greater.
When the creditor’s request is granted, the heir is required to supplement his property. personal, except to return to the estate the preserved property and without prejudice to the action provided for in article 1167. Article 795 The declaration to keep an asset is not enforceable against creditors until it has been published. Failure to declare the alienation of property within the time limit provided for in article 794 commits the heir on his personal property up to the price of the alienation. Article 796 The heir settles the liabilities of the succession. It pays registered creditors according to the rank of the security attached to their claim. The other creditors who have declared their claim are disinterested in the order of the declarations. Legacies of sums of money are issued after payment of creditors. Article 797 The heir must pay the creditors within two months either of the declaration to keep the well, that is, the day on which the proceeds of disposition are available. When it cannot be relinquished to the benefit of the creditors within this period, in particular because of a dispute concerning the order or nature of the receivables, he records the sums available as that the dispute remains. Article 798 Without prejudice to the rights of secured creditors, the creditors of the succession and the legatees of sums of money can only pursue recovery on property collected from the succession which has not been preserved or alienated under the conditions provided for in article 793. The personal creditors of the heir cannot pursue the recovery of their claims on this property only at the end of the period provided for in article 792 and after the full estate creditors and legatees.
Article 799 Succession creditors who, within the time limit provided for in article 792, declare their claims after depletion of assets have recourse only against legatees who have been fulfilled with their rights. Article 800 The heir is responsible for administering the property he collects in the succession. It takes account of its administration, the debts it pays and the acts which engage the property collected or which affect their value. He is responsible for serious faults in this administration. He must present the account to any estate creditor who requests it and respond in a two-month time limit for the summons, served by extrajudicial document, to reveal the whereabouts of the the goods and rights collected in the succession that he has not alienated or kept under the conditions provided for in article 794. Failing that, he may be constrained on his personal property. The heir who has omitted, knowingly and in bad faith, to include in the inventory of the elements assets or liabilities of the estate or which has not affected the payment of the creditors of the estate the value of the goods kept or the price of the goods alienated is forfeited from the acceptance up to net assets. He is deemed to have accepted outright from the opening of the succession. Article 801 As long as the prescription of the right to accept has not been acquired against him, the heir may revoke his acceptance up to the amount of net assets by accepting outright. This acceptance retroactive to the day of the opening of the succession. Acceptance up to the amount of net assets prevents any renunciation of the succession. Article 802 Despite the forfeiture or revocation of the acceptance up to the amount of the net assets, the creditors successors and the legatees of sums of money retain the exclusivity of the legal proceedings property mentioned in the first paragraph of article 798.
Article 803 The costs of seals, inventory and account are the responsibility of the estate. They are paid in privileged sharing fees. Section 4: Renunciation of the succession. Article 804 The renunciation of a succession is not presumed. To be enforceable against third parties, the waiver made by the universal heir or by universal title must be addressed or filed in the court in which the succession opened. Article 805 The heir who renounces is deemed never to have been an heir. Subject to the provisions of article 845, the share of the renouncer falls to his representatives; at default, it increases to its coheirs; if he is alone, it is vested in the subsequent degree. Article 806 The renouncer is not bound to the payment of the debts and charges of the succession. However, it is required in proportion to his means to the payment of the funeral expenses of the ascendant or the descendant at the succession of which he renounces. Article 807 As long as the prescription of the right to accept has not been acquired against him, the heir may revoke his waiver by accepting the inheritance outright, if it has not already been accepted by another heir or if the state has not already been sent into possession. This acceptance is retroactive to the day of the opening of the succession, without however calling into question the rights which may be acquired from third parties on the property of the succession by prescription or by acts validly made with the curator of the vacant succession.
Article 808 The costs legitimately incurred by the heir before his renunciation are the responsibility of the succession. Chapter V: Vacant estates and estranged estates Section 1: Vacant estates. Paragraph 1: From the opening of the vacancy. Article 809 The estate is vacant: 1 ° When no one appears to claim the succession and there is no known heir; 2 ° When all the known heirs have renounced the succession; 3 ° When, after the expiration of a period of six months from the opening of the succession, the heirs known have not opted, tacitly or expressly. Article 809-1 The judge, seized at the request of any creditor, of any person who insured, on behalf of the deceased person, the administration of all or part of their patrimony, of any other person interested party or the public prosecutor, entrusts the curatorship of the vacant succession, the regime of which is defined in this section, to the administrative authority in charge of the area. The curatorship order is advertised. Article 809-2 As soon as he is appointed, the curator has an estimated inventory drawn up, item by item, of the assets and liabilities of the estate by a judicial auctioneer, a bailiff or a notary, depending on the
laws and regulations applicable to these professions, or by a sworn official belonging to the administration in charge of the domain. The notice to the court, by the curator, of the establishment of the inventory is subject to the same publicity than the curatorship decision. Creditors and legatees of sums of money may, upon proof of their title, consult inventory and obtain a copy. They can ask to be notified of any new advertising. Article 809-3 The declaration of claims is made to the curator. Paragraph 2: Powers of the curator. Article 810 Upon appointment, the curator takes possession of the securities and other property held by third parties and continues to collect amounts owed to the estate. He can continue the operation of the sole proprietorship depending on the succession, whether commercial, industrial, agricultural or artisanal. After deduction of the administration, management and sales costs, he consigns the sums composing the assets of the succession as well as the income from property and the proceeds of their realization. In case of continuation of the activity of the company, only the receipts which exceed the bearing required for its operation are recorded. The sums arising in any capacity whatsoever from a vacant succession may not, under any circumstances, be recorded other than through the curator. Article 810-1 During the six months following the opening of the succession, the curator can only proceed with purely conservatory or supervisory acts, acts of provisional administration and sale perishable goods. Article 810-2
At the end of the period mentioned in article 810-1, the curator exercises all the protective acts and administration. He proceeds or arranges for the sale of the goods until the discharge of the liabilities. He can only sell the buildings if the foreseeable proceeds from the sale of the furniture appear insufficient. He proceeds or arranges for the sale of goods whose conservation is difficult or expensive, even though their realization is not necessary for the discharge of the liabilities. Article 810-3 The sale takes place either by judicial auctioneer, bailiff or notary according to the laws and regulations applicable to these professions, either by the court or in the forms provided by the general code of property of public entities for the alienation, for consideration, of the domain real estate or movable property belonging to the State. It gives rise to publicity. When considering an amicable sale, any creditor may require that the sale be made by adjudication. If the auction takes place for a price lower than the price agreed in the project out-of-court sale, the creditor who requested the adjudication is bound, with regard to the other creditors, of the loss they suffered. Article 810-4 The curator alone is authorized to pay the creditors of the succession. He is not bound to pay debts of the estate only up to the assets. He can only pay, without waiting for the draft settlement of the liabilities, the costs necessary for the heritage conservation, funeral costs and last illness, taxes owed by the deceased, rents and other estate debts whose settlement is urgent. Article 810-5 The curator draws up a draft settlement of the liabilities. The draft provides for the payment of debts in the order provided for in article 796. The draft regulation is published. Creditors who are not fully disinterested may, within the month of the advertisement, seize the judge in order to contest the draft regulation.
Article 810-6 The powers of the curator are exercised subject to the provisions applicable to the succession of a person subject to safeguard, reorganization or liquidation proceedings judicial. Paragraph 3: The rendering of accounts and the end of the curatorship. Article 810-7 The curator reports to the judge on the operations carried out by him. The deposit of the account is subject to publicity. The curator presents the account to any creditor or heir who requests it. Article 810-8 After receipt of the account, the judge authorizes the curator to proceed with the realization of the asset subsisting. The known heirs are notified of the project of realization. If they are still within the deadline to accept, they can oppose it within three months by claiming the succession. The achievement cannot have take place only at the expiration of this period, in accordance with the forms prescribed in the first paragraph of article 810-3. Article 810-9 Creditors who declare their claim after delivery of the account cannot claim that the remaining assets. In the event that this asset is insufficient, they have recourse only against the legatees who have been fulfilled with their rights. This recourse is prescribed by two years from the realization of all the remaining assets. Article 810-10 The net proceeds from the realization of the remaining asset are recorded. The heirs, if any the time limit for claiming the inheritance, are allowed to exercise their right to this product.
Article 810-11 Administration, management and sales costs give rise to the privilege of 1 ° of articles 2331 and 2375. Article 810-12 Curatorship ends: 1 ° By the full allocation of assets to the payment of debts and legacies; 2 ° By realizing the totality of the assets and depositing the net proceeds; 3 ° By restitution of the succession to heirs whose rights are recognized; 4 ° By sending in the possession of the State. Section 2: Successions in escheat. Article 811 When the State claims to the succession of a person who dies without an heir or to an inheritance abandoned, he must request that it be sent to the court for possession. Article 811-1 If the inventory provided for in article 809-2 has not been established, the administrative authority mentioned in article 809-1 requires this to be done in the manner provided for by article 809-2. Article 811-2 The escheat of the succession ends in the event of acceptance of the succession by an heir.
Article 811-3 When it has not completed the formalities incumbent on it, the State may be condemned to damages to the heirs, if any. Chapter VI: Administration of the succession by an agent. Section 1: Mandate with posthumous effect. Paragraph 1: Conditions of the mandate with posthumous effect. Article 812 Any person can give to one or more other persons, natural or legal, mandate administer or manage, subject to the powers entrusted to the executor, all or part of his estate for the account and in the interest of one or more identified heirs. The attorney can be an heir. He must enjoy full civil capacity and not be subject to a prohibition to manage when professional assets are included in the inheritance patrimony. The agent cannot be the notary responsible for settling the succession. Article 812-1 The mandatary exercises his powers even though there is a protected minor or adult among the heirs. Article 812-1-1 The mandate is only valid if it is justified by a serious and legitimate interest with regard to the person of the heir or inheritance, precisely motivated.
It is given for a period which cannot exceed two years, extendable one or more times per decision of the judge, seized by an heir or by the agent. However, it can be given for a duration of five years, extendable under the same conditions, due to incapacity, age of or heirs, or the need to manage professional property. It is given and accepted in the authentic form. It must be accepted by the mandatary before the mandator’s death. Prior to its execution, the principal and the agent may renounce the mandate after having notified their decision to the other party. Article 812-1-2 The acts carried out by the agent within the framework of his mission have no effect on the option hereditary. Article 812-1-3 As long as no heir referred to in the mandate has accepted the succession, the mandatary has only the powers granted to the successor in article 784. Article 812-1-4 The mandate with posthumous effect is subject to the provisions of Articles 1984 to 2010 which are not incompatible with the provisions of this section. Paragraph 2: The remuneration of the agent. Article 812-2 The mandate is free if there is no agreement to the contrary. If remuneration is provided for, it must be expressly determined in the mandate. She corresponds to a share of the fruits and income received by the succession and resulting from the management or the administration of the agent. In the event of insufficiency or absence of fruit and income, it may be supplemented by capital or take the form of capital.
Article 812-3 The remuneration of the agent is a charge of the succession which gives rise to the right to reduction when it has the effect of depriving the heirs of all or part of their reserve. The heirs referred to by the mandate or their representatives may seek a review of the remuneration in court when they justify the excessive nature of the latter with regard to the duration or the burden resulting of the mandate. Paragraph 3: From the end of the mandate with posthumous effect. Article 812-4 The mandate ends with one of the following events: 1 ° The arrival of the scheduled term; 2 ° The waiver of the agent; 3 ° Judicial revocation, at the request of an interested heir or his representative, in the event of absence or disappearance of the serious and legitimate interest or poor performance by the agent of its mission; 4 ° The conclusion of a conventional mandate between the heirs and the agent holding the mandate to posthumous effect; 5 ° The alienation by the heirs of the goods mentioned in the mandate; 6 ° The death or the placing under protective measure of the natural person representative, or the dissolution of the legal person representative; 7 ° The death of the heir concerned or, in the event of a protective measure, the decision of the guardianship judge to terminate the mandate. The same mandate given on behalf of several heirs does not cease entirely for one cause of extinction which concerns only one of them. Likewise, in the event of multiple representatives, the end of the mandate intervening with regard to one does not end the mission of the others. Article 812-5
The revocation on the grounds of the disappearance of the serious and legitimate interest does not give rise to the restitution by the agent of all or part of the sums received for his remuneration, except if they have been excessive in view of the duration or the burden actually assumed by the representative. Without prejudice to damages, when the revocation has occurred due to a poor performance of his mission, the agent may be required to return all or part of the sums received in respect of his remuneration. Article 812-6 The agent may not renounce continuing the execution of the mandate after having notified his decision to the interested heirs or their representatives. Unless otherwise agreed between the agent and the interested heirs or their representatives, the waiver takes effect at the end of a period of three months from the notification. Without prejudice to damages, the agent remunerated by capital may be required to return all or part of the sums collected. Article 812-7 Each year and at the end of the mandate, the attorney reports on his management to the heirs concerned. or their representatives and informs them of all the acts performed. Failing that, a revocation judicial can be requested by any interested party. If the mandate ends following the death of the mandatary, this obligation falls on his heirs. Section 2: The representative appointed by agreement. Article 813 The heirs may, by mutual agreement, entrust the administration of the succession to one of them or to a third party. The mandate is governed by articles 1984 to 2010. When at least one heir has accepted the succession up to the amount of the net assets, the agent shall not can, even with the agreement of all the heirs, be appointed only by the judge. The mandate is then governed by Articles 813-1 to 814.
Section 3: The legal representative appointed by the courts. Article 813-1 The judge can appoint any qualified person, physical or moral, as agent estate, for the purpose of provisionally administering the estate due to inertia, lack of or the fault of one or more heirs in this administration, their disagreement, a opposition of interests between them or the complexity of the inheritance situation. The request is made by an heir, a creditor, any person who insured, on behalf of the deceased person, the administration of all or part of their patrimony during their lifetime, any other interested person or by the public prosecutor. Article 813-2 The estate agent may only act to the extent compatible with the powers of the person who has been appointed pursuant to the third paragraph of article 815-6, the representative appointed in application of article 812 or the executor, appointed by the testator in application of article 1025. Article 813-3 The appointment decision is recorded and published. Article 813-4 As long as no heir has accepted the succession, the succession agent can only perform the acts mentioned in article 784, except those provided for in its second paragraph. The judge can also authorize any other act required by the interests of the succession. He can authorize the estate agent to draw up an inventory in the forms prescribed in Article 789, or the ask ex officio. Article 813-5 Within the limits of the powers conferred on him, the estate agent represents the whole heirs for civil and legal acts.
He exercises his powers even though there is a protected minor or adult among the heirs. The payment made in the hands of the estate agent is valid. Article 813-6 The acts referred to in article 813-4 carried out by the succession agent within the framework of his mission have no effect on the hereditary option. Article 813-7 At the request of any interested person or of the public prosecutor, the judge may dismiss the estate agent of his mission in the event of a marked failure in the exercise of this one. He then appoints another estate agent, for a period that he defines. Article 813-8 Each heir may require the legal representative to consult, at any time, the documents relating to the performance of its mission. Each year and at the end of his mission, the estate agent gives to the judge and to each heir at his request, a report on the performance of his mission. Article 813-9 The judgment designating the succession agent fixes the duration of his mission as well as his remuneration At the request of one of the persons mentioned in the second paragraph of article 813-1 or in article 814-1, he may extend it for a period that he determines. The mission ceases automatically by the effect of an indivision agreement between the heirs or by the signing of the deed of sharing. It also ceases when the judge ascertains the complete execution of the mission entrusted to the estate agent. Article 814 When the succession has been accepted by at least one heir, either purely and simply, or to competition of the net assets, the judge who appoints the succession agent in application of articles
813-1 and 814-1 can authorize him to carry out all the acts of administration of the succession. He may also authorize him, at any time, to carry out acts of disposition necessary for the proper administration of the estate and determine its prices and stipulations. Article 814-1 In all circumstances, the heir accepting up to the amount of the net assets may ask the judge to designate any qualified person as an estate agent in order to replace him / her in the charge of administering and liquidating the estate. Chapter VII: The legal regime of joint ownership. Article 815 No one can be forced to remain in joint possession and partition can always be brought about, to unless there has been a stay by judgment or agreement. Article 815-1 The joint owners may enter into agreements relating to the exercise of their joint rights, in accordance with Articles 1873-1 to 1873-18. Section 1: Acts relating to undivided property. Paragraph 1: Acts performed by the co-owners. Article 815-2 Any co-owner may take the necessary measures for the conservation of the undivided property even if they are not of an urgent nature. He may use for this purpose the funds of joint ownership held by him and he is deemed to have the freedom to do so. disposition towards third parties.
In the absence of joint ownership funds, he can force his co-joint owners to pay the expenses with him. required. When joint assets are encumbered with a usufruct, these powers are opposable to the usufructuary in to the extent that the latter is liable for reparations. Article 815-3 The joint owner (s) holding at least two-thirds of the joint rights may, by this majority: 1 ° Carry out administrative acts relating to undivided property; 2 ° Give one or more of the co-owners or a third party a general administrative mandate; 3 ° Sell the undivided furniture to pay the debts and charges of the joint ownership; 4 ° Conclude and renew leases other than those relating to an immovable for agricultural use, commercial, industrial or artisanal. They are required to inform the other co-owners thereof. Otherwise, the decisions taken are unenforceable against these latter. However, the consent of all the co-owners is required to perform any act that is not not to the normal use of the undivided property and to carry out any act of disposal other than those referred to in 3 °. If a co-owner takes over the management of the undivided property, with the knowledge of the others and nevertheless without opposition from them, it is supposed to have received a tacit mandate, covering acts of administration but not the deeds of disposal or the conclusion or renewal of leases. Paragraph 2: Acts authorized in court. Article 815-4 If one of the co-owners is unable to express his will, another can be authorized by justice to represent him, in a general way or for certain particular acts, the conditions and the extent of this representation being fixed by the judge. In the absence of legal power, mandate or authorization by justice, the acts carried out by a joint owner in representation of another have effect with regard to the latter, according to the rules of business management.
Article 815-5 A joint owner may be authorized by justice to carry out alone an act for which the consent of a joint ownership would be necessary, if the refusal of this endangers the common interest. The judge cannot, at the request of a bare owner, order the sale of the full property of a well encumbered with usufruct against the will of the usufructuary. The act passed under the conditions set by the court authorization is enforceable against the undivided consent was lacking. Article 815-5-1 Except in the event of the ownership of the property being dismembered or if one of the co-owners is in one of the of the cases provided for in article 836, the alienation of undivided property may be authorized by the court of large body, at the request of one or more joint owners holding at least two-thirds of the rights undivided, according to the terms and conditions defined in the following paragraphs. The joint owner (s) holding at least two-thirds of the joint rights expresses before a notary, at this majority, their intention to proceed with the alienation of the undivided property. Within a period of one month following its collection, the notary sends this intention to the other joint owners. If one or more of the co-owners oppose the alienation of the undivided property or do not come forward within three months of service, the notary will record it in a report. In this case, the tribunal de grande instance may authorize the alienation of the undivided property if it does not not unduly infringe the rights of other co-owners. This alienation is carried out by licitation. The sums which are withdrawn cannot be a reinvestment except to pay the debts and charges of joint ownership. The alienation carried out under the conditions fixed by the authorization of the tribunal de grande instance is opposable to the joint owner whose consent was lacking, unless the intention to alienate the property of the co-owners holding at least two-thirds of the undivided rights had not been served on him according to the modalities provided for in the third paragraph. Article 815-6 The president of the tribunal de grande instance can prescribe or authorize all urgent measures required by the common interest. It may, in particular, authorize a joint owner to collect debtors of joint ownership or custodians of undivided funds a provision intended to meet urgent needs, by prescribing, if necessary, the conditions of employment. This authorization does not entail quality for the surviving spouse or for the heir.
He can also either appoint a joint owner as administrator, obliging him, if necessary, to give surety, or appoint a receiver. Articles 1873-5 to 1873-9 of this code apply as of reason to the powers and obligations of the administrator, if they are not otherwise defined by the judge. Article 815-7 The president of the court may also prohibit the movement of physical furniture except to be specified. those for which he attributes personal use to one or the other of the beneficiaries, with the charge for them of give security if he considers it necessary. Article 815-7-1 In Guadeloupe, Guyana, Martinique, Reunion Island and Saint-Martin, when a building undivided for residential use or for mixed residential and professional use is vacant or has not been the object of an effective occupation for more than two calendar years, a joint owner may be authorized in court, under the conditions provided for in Articles 813-1 to 813-9, to carry out the work improvement, rehabilitation and restoration of the building as well as to carry out the acts administration and publicity formalities, the sole purpose of which is to lease it as main house. Section 2: Rights and obligations of co-owners. Article 815-8 Anyone who collects income or incurs costs on behalf of joint ownership must keep a state which is at the disposal of the co-owners. Article 815-9 Each co-owner can use and enjoy the undivided goods in accordance with their destination, in the measure compatible with the rights of other co-owners and with the effect of acts duly executed during joint ownership. In the absence of agreement between the interested parties, the exercise of this right is regulated, as provisional, by the president of the tribunal. The joint owner who uses or enjoys privately the undivided thing is, unless otherwise agreed, liable for compensation. Article 815-10
Are ipso jure undivided, by the effect of a real subrogation, the claims and indemnities which replace undivided property, as well as acquired property, with the consent of all undivided, in use or reinvestment of undivided property. The fruits and income of undivided property increase with joint ownership, in the absence of provisional partition or any other agreement establishing divided enjoyment. No research relating to fruits and revenues will, however, be admissible more than five years after the date on which they were or could have been collected. Each co-owner is entitled to the profits from the undivided property and bears the losses. in proportion to his rights in joint possession. Article 815-11 Any joint owner can claim his annual share in the profits, less expenses. caused by the acts to which he has consented or which are opposable to him. In the absence of any other title, the scope of the rights of each in joint possession results from the act of notoriety or the inventory title established by the notary. In the event of a dispute, the president of the tribunal de grande instance may order a distribution provisional profit subject to an account to be established at the time of final liquidation. Up to the amount of funds available, he can similarly order a capital advance on the rights of the co-owner in the partition to intervene. Article 815-12 The joint owner who manages one or more joint assets is liable for the net income from his management. He has right to remuneration for his activity under the conditions fixed amicably or, failing that, by Justice decision. Article 815-13 When a co-owner has improved the condition of an undivided property at his own expense, this must be taken into account. according to equity, having regard to what the value of the property is increased at the time of the sharing or alienation. He must likewise be taken into account for the necessary expenditure which he has made of his personal funds for the conservation of the aforesaid goods, although they did not improve them.
Conversely, the joint owner is liable for degradations and deteriorations which have reduced the value of property undivided by his act or by his fault. Article 815-14 The co-owner who intends to cede, for consideration, to a person outside the co-ownership, all or part of his rights in the undivided property or in one or more of these assets is required to notify by deed extrajudicial to the other co-owners the price and conditions of the proposed transfer as well as the name, domicile and profession of the person who proposes to acquire. Any joint owner may, within one month following this notification, inform the assignor, by extrajudicial act, that he exercises a right of pre-emption at the prices and conditions that have been notified. In the event of pre-emption, the person exercising it has a period of two months from the date of sending its response to the seller. After this period, his declaration of pre-emption is null and void, fifteen days after a formal notice remained ineffective, and without prejudice to damages which may be requested from it by the seller. If several co-owners exercise their right of pre-emption, they are deemed, unless otherwise agreed. on the contrary, acquire together the portion offered for sale in proportion to their respective share in joint ownership. When payment terms have been agreed to by the assignor, article 828 is applicable. Article 815-15 If there is an adjudication of all or part of the rights of a co-owner in the undivided property or in one or more of these assets, the lawyer or notary must inform the co-owners thereof by notification one month before the scheduled date of sale. Each co-owner can replace the purchaser within one month of the auction, by declaration to the registry or to of the notary. The book of conditions of sale drawn up with a view to the sale must mention the rights of substitution. Article 815-16 Any assignment or any auction carried out in defiance of the provisions of articles 815-14 and 815-15 An action for nullity lapses after five years. It can only be exercised by those to whom notifications had to be made or by their heirs.
Section 3: The right to sue creditors. Article 815-17 The creditors who could have acted on the undivided property before there was joint ownership, and those whose debt results from the conservation or management of undivided property, will be paid by direct debit on the asset before sharing. They can also pursue the seizure and sale of undivided property. The personal creditors of a co-owner cannot seize his share in the undivided property, movable or buildings. However, they have the right to initiate partition on behalf of their debtor or to intervene in the sharing caused by him. The co-owners can stop the course of the share by discharging the obligation in the name and in acquittal of the debtor. Those who will exercise this faculty will reimburse by levy on undivided property. Section 4: Joint ownership in usufruct. Article 815-18 The provisions of articles 815 to 815-17 are applicable to joint ownerships in usufruct as that they are compatible with the rules of usufruct. The notifications provided for in articles 815-14, 815-15 and 815-16 must be sent to all bare owner and to any usufructuary. But a usufructuary cannot acquire a share in bare ownership that if no bare owner acquires it; a bare owner cannot acquire a share in usufruct only if no usufructuary acquires it. Chapter VIII: Sharing. Section 1: Sharing operations. Sub-section 1: Common provisions. Paragraph 1: Sharing requests.
Article 816 Partition can be requested, even when one of the co-owners has enjoyed all or part of it separately. undivided property, if there was no deed of partition or sufficient possession to acquire the prescription. Article 817 Whoever is in joint possession for the enjoyment can request the sharing of the joint usufruct by way of of cantonment on a good or, in case of impossibility, by auction of the usufruct. When it appears to be the sole protector of the interest of all the holders of rights in the undivided property, the licitation may relate to full ownership. Article 818 The same faculty belongs to the joint owner in bare ownership for the undivided bare ownership. In case of licitation of full ownership, the second paragraph of article 815-5 is applicable. Article 819 The one who is in part full owner and who is in joint possession with usufructuaries and our owners may use the faculties provided for in articles 817 and 818. The second paragraph of article 815-5 is not applicable in the event of a bidding in full ownership. Article 820 At the request of a joint owner, the court may suspend the partition for a maximum of two years if its immediate realization risks damaging the value of the undivided property or if one of the co-owners cannot take over the agricultural, commercial, industrial, artisanal or liberal dependent of the succession only at the expiration of this period. This stay may apply to all property undivided or to some of them only. If necessary, the request for a suspension of partition may relate to social rights. Article 821
In the absence of an amicable agreement, the joint ownership of any agricultural, commercial, industrial, artisanal or liberal, the exploitation of which was ensured by the deceased or his spouse, can be maintained under the conditions set by the court at the request of the persons mentioned in section 822. If necessary, the request for maintenance of joint ownership may relate to social rights. The court decides according to the interests involved and the means of existence that the family can draw undivided property. The maintenance of joint ownership remains possible even when the company includes elements whose heir or spouse was already the owner or co-owner before the opening of the succession. Article 821-1 Joint ownership may also be maintained, at the request of the same persons and in the conditions fixed by the court, with regard to the ownership of the living or professional who, at the time of death, was actually used for this dwelling or for this use by the deceased or his spouse. It is the same for the movable objects furnishing the room. dwelling or used for the exercise of the profession. Article 822 If the deceased leaves one or more minor descendants, the maintenance of joint ownership may be requested either by the surviving spouse, or by any heir, or by the legal representative of the minors. In the absence of minor descendants, the maintenance of joint ownership can only be requested by the surviving spouse and on condition that he was, before the death, or has become as a result of the death, co-owner of the business or of the residential or professional premises. If it is a dwelling place, the spouse must have resided in the premises at the time of the death. Article 823 Maintenance in joint possession may not be prescribed for a period exceeding five years. He can be renewed, in the case provided for in the first paragraph of article 822, until the majority of the youngest of descendants and, in the case provided for in the second paragraph of the same article, until the death of the spouse survivor.
Article 824 If the co-owners intend to remain in the co-ownership, the court may, at the request of one or more several of them, depending on the interests involved and without prejudice to the application of Articles 831 to 832-3, allocate his share to the party who requested the partition. If there is not a sufficient sum in joint possession, the complement is paid by those of the co-owners who contributed to the request, without prejudice to the possibility for the others co-owners to participate, if they express the will. The share of each in joint possession is increased in proportion to its payment. Paragraph 2: Parts and lots. Article 825 The shareable mass includes the assets existing at the opening of the succession, or those which were subrogated, and which the deceased did not dispose of because of death, as well as the related fruits. It is increased by the values subject to report or reduction, as well as the debts of co-dividers towards the deceased or towards joint ownership. Article 826 Equality in sharing is equality in value. Each co-partitioner receives property for a value equal to that of his rights in the joint possession. If there is a draw, as many prizes are made up as necessary. If the consistency of the mass does not allow the formation of batches of equal value, their inequality is compensated by a cash payment. Article 827 The mass is shared per capita. However, it is done by strain when it is necessary to representation. Once the division by strain has been carried out, a separate distribution is made, where appropriate, between the heirs of each line.
Article 828 When the debtor of a balance has obtained payment deadlines and that, as a result of the circumstances economic assets, the value of the goods due to it has increased or decreased by more than a quarter since sharing, the sums still due increase or decrease in the same proportion, except exclusion of this variation by the parties. Article 829 With a view to their distribution, the goods are estimated at their value on the date of the dividing use as such. that it is fixed by the act of sharing, taking into account, if necessary, the charges encumbering them. This date is as close as possible to sharing. However, the judge can fix the dividing rights at an older date if the choice of this date appears more favorable to the achievement of equality. Article 830 In the formation and composition of the lots, every effort is made to avoid dividing the economic units. and other sets of assets the splitting of which would result in depreciation. Paragraph 3: Preferential attributions. Article 831 The surviving spouse or any co-owner heir may request the preferential allocation by way of sharing, subject to a balance if applicable, of any business, or part of an agricultural business, commercial, industrial, artisanal or liberal or undivided share of such a company, even formed for a part of property of which he was already the owner or co-owner before the death, to the operation in which he participates or has actually participated. In the case of the heir, the condition of participation can be or have been fulfilled by his spouse or his descendants. If necessary, the request for preferential allocation may relate to social rights, without prejudice the application of legal provisions or statutory clauses on the continuation of a company with the surviving spouse or one or more heirs.
Article 831-1 In the event that neither the surviving spouse nor any co-owner heir requests the application of the provisions provided for in article 831 or those of articles 832 or 832-1, preferential allocation provided for in agricultural matters may be granted to any co-partitioner under the condition that he undertakes to lease the asset in question within six months under the conditions set out in Chapter VI of Title I of Book IV of the Rural and Maritime Fisheries Code to one or more of the joint heirs fulfilling the personal conditions provided for in article 831 or to one or more descendants of these joint heirs fulfilling the same conditions. Article 831-2 The surviving spouse or any co-owner heir may also request the allocation preferential: 1 ° The property or the right to the lease of the premises which actually serves as his dwelling, if there was his residence at the time of death, and the furniture that adorns it; 2 ° Ownership or the right to lease the premises for professional use actually used for the exercise of his profession and of the movable objects for professional use furnishing this room; 3 ° All the movable elements necessary for the exploitation of a rural good cultivated by the deceased as a farmer or sharecropper when the lease continues for the benefit of the applicant or when new lease is granted to the latter. Article 831-3 The preferential allocation of the property of the premises and the furniture furnishing it referred to in 1 ° of article 831-2 is legally applicable for the surviving spouse. The rights resulting from the preferential allocation do not prejudice the life rights of dwelling and use that the spouse may exercise under section 764. Article 832 The preferential allocation referred to in Article 831 is automatic for any agricultural holding which does not does not exceed the area limits set by decree of the Council of State, if the maintenance in joint ownership has not been ordered. Article 832-1
If the maintenance in joint possession has not been ordered and in the absence of preferential allocation in property under the conditions provided for in article 831 or article 832, the surviving spouse or any co-owner heir may request the preferential allocation of all or part of the property and rights real estate for agricultural use depending on the succession in order to constitute with one or several joint heirs and, where applicable, one or more third parties, an agricultural land group. This attribution is of right if the surviving spouse or one or more of the joint heirs fulfilling the personal conditions provided for in article 831, or their descendants actually participating in operation, require that they be leased, under the conditions set out in Chapter VI of Title I of book IV of the rural and maritime fishing code, all or part of the goods of the group. In the event of multiple requests, the goods of the group may, if their consistency so permits, be the subject of several leases benefiting different joint heirs. If the clauses and conditions of this lease or these leases have not been agreed, they are set by the court. The property and real estate rights that the applicants do not intend to bring to the group agricultural land, as well as the other property of the succession, are allocated by priority, in the limits of their respective inheritance rights, to co-owners who have not consented to the formation of the group. If these co-owners are not fulfilled with their rights by the allocation thus made, a balance must be paid to them. Unless there is an amicable agreement between the co-partitioners, the balance possibly due is payable within one year of partition. It may be the subject of a donation in payment under the form of shares of the agricultural land group, unless the interested parties, in the month following the proposal made to them, have made known their opposition to this method of payment. The division is only perfect after the signing of the constitutive act of the agricultural land group and, long-term lease (s), if applicable. Article 832-2 If an agricultural holding constituting an economic unit and not exploited in social form is not maintained in joint possession and has not been the subject of a preferential allocation in the conditions provided for in articles 831, 832 or 832-1, the surviving spouse or any heir co-owner who wishes to continue the operation in which he participates or has actually participated may require, notwithstanding any request for auction, that the partition be concluded under the condition that its co-dividers grant it a long-term lease under the conditions set out in Chapter VI of the Title I of Book IV of the Rural Code, on the farm lands which fall to them. In the case of the heir, the participation condition may have been fulfilled by his spouse or his descendants. Unless there is an amicable agreement between the parties, whoever requests to benefit from these provisions receives by priority in its part the buildings of exploitation and dwelling. The foregoing provisions are applicable to a part of the agricultural holding which may constitute an economic unit. This economic unit can be formed, in part, of goods of which the surviving spouse or heir was already the owner or co-owner before the death. Depreciation due to the existence of the lease is taken into account, if applicable, in the valuation of land included in the different lots. Articles L. 412-14 and L. 412-15 of the Rural and Maritime Fisheries Code determine the rules specific to the lease mentioned in the first paragraph of this article.
If, due to the manifest inability of the applicant (s) to manage all or part of the operation, the interests of the co-heirs may be compromised, the court may decide that there is no to apply the first three paragraphs of this article. Article 832-3 The preferential allocation can be requested jointly by several successors in order to keep the undivided property together. In the absence of an amicable agreement, the request for preferential allocation is brought before the court which decides according to the interests involved. In the event of competing requests, the court takes into account the ability of the various applicants to manage and maintain the assets involved. For the company, the court takes into account in particular the duration of personal participation in the activity. Article 832-4 The assets subject to the award are estimated at their value on the date set in accordance with section 829. Unless there is an amicable agreement between the co-partitioners, any balance due is payable in cash. However, in the cases provided for in articles 831-3 and 832, the contractor may require his co-dividers, for the payment of a fraction of the balance, equal to at most half, deadlines shall not may exceed ten years. Unless otherwise agreed, the sums still due bear interest at the rate legal. In the event of the sale of all the property allocated, the portion of the related balance becomes immediately payable; in the event of partial sales, the proceeds of these sales are paid to the co-partitioners and charged to the portion of the balance still due. Article 833 The provisions of articles 831 to 832-4 benefit the spouse or any heir called upon to succeed in under the law, whether he is co-owner in full ownership or in bare ownership. These provisions, with the exception of those of article 832, also benefit the heir with a universal or universal vocation to inheritance by virtue of a will or an institution contractual. Article 834
The beneficiary of the preferential allocation does not become the exclusive owner of the allocated property until day of final sharing. Until that date, he can only renounce the allocation when the value of the property, such as determined on the day of this allocation, increased by more than a quarter on the day of sharing regardless of his personal circumstances. Sub-section 2: Amicable partition. Article 835 If all the co-owners are present and capable, the sharing can take place in the form and according to the modalities chosen by the parties. When joint ownership relates to property subject to land registration, the deed of partition is passed through notarial deed. Article 836 If a joint owner is presumed absent or, as a result of removal, is unable to demonstrate his will, an amicable partition may take place under the conditions provided for in article 116. Likewise, if a co-owner is the subject of a protection regime, an amicable partition may take place. under the conditions provided for in Titles X and XI of Book I. Article 837 If a joint owner is in default, without being nevertheless in one of the cases provided for in article 836, he may, at the behest of a co-partitioner, be put on formal notice, by extrajudicial act, to be represent for amicable sharing. Failure for this joint owner to have appointed an agent within three months of the formal notice, a co-partitioner may ask the judge to appoint any qualified person who will represent the failing until the sharing is complete. This person cannot consent to sharing only with the permission of the judge. Article 838
Amicable sharing can be total or partial. It is partial when it allows undivided joint ownership to subsist. in respect of certain goods or certain persons. Article 839 When several joint ownership exists exclusively between the same people, which they bear on the same goods or on different goods, a single amicable partition can take place. Sub-section 3: Judicial partition. Article 840 The partition is made in court when one of the co-owners refuses to consent to the amicable partition or if there are any disputes as to how to proceed or terminate it or when the sharing amicable agreement has not been authorized or approved in one of the cases provided for in Articles 836 and 837. Article 840-1 When several joint ownership exists exclusively between the same people, which they bear on the same goods or on different goods, a single division may take place. Article 841 The court of the place of opening of the succession is exclusively competent to hear action in sharing and disputes that arise either on the occasion of the maintenance of joint ownership or during sharing operations. It orders the bids and decides on the requests relating to the guarantee of the lots between the co-partitioners and those in nullity of sharing or in addition to the part. Article 841-1 If the notary appointed to establish the liquidation statement comes up against the inertia of a joint owner, he can give notice, by extrajudicial act, to be represented. Failure by the co-owner to have constituted an agent within three months of the formal notice, the notary can ask the judge to designate any qualified person who will represent the defaulter
until the operations are complete. Article 842 At any time, the co-partitioners can abandon legal proceedings and continue with the partition. amicably if the conditions for sharing of this nature are met. Section 2: Of the donation report. Article 843 Any heir, even having accepted up to the amount of the assets, coming to a succession, must report to his coheirs everything he received from the deceased, by inter vivos donations, directly or indirectly; he cannot withhold donations made to him by the deceased, unless they have been expressly made to him excluding inheritance part. Bequests made to an heir are deemed to have been made apart from the inheritance share, unless the testator has expressed the contrary will, in which case the legatee can only claim his legacy by taking less. Article 844 Donations made outside the inheritance part cannot be retained nor bequests claimed by the heir. sharing only up to the amount available: the excess is subject to reduction. Article 845 The heir who renounces the succession may, however, retain the gift inter vivos or claim the bequest from up to the portion available, unless the settlor has expressly requested the report in case of waiver. In this case, the report is made in value. When the reported value exceeds the rights that it should have have in the partition if he had participated in it, the renouncing heir indemnifies the heirs accepting competition from this surplus. Article 846 The donee who was not heir presumptive at the time of the donation, but who is successor to the
the day of the opening of the estate, does not owe the report, unless the donor has expressly required. Article 847 Donations and bequests made to the son of the person who is successor at the time of the opening of the succession are always deemed to have been made with exemption from the report. The father coming to the donor’s estate is not required to report them. Article 848 Similarly, the son coming from his head to the donor’s estate is not required to return the donation. made to his father, even when he would have accepted his succession; but if the son only comes by representation, he must report what had been given to his father, even if he had repudiated his succession. Article 849 Donations and bequests made to the spouse of a successor spouse are deemed to have been made with exemption from the report. If the gifts and legacies are made jointly to two spouses, only one of whom is successible, the latter brings in half; if the gifts are made to the successor spouse, he returns them in full. Article 850 The report is only made to the donor’s estate. Article 851 The report is due from what has been used for the establishment of one of the coheirs or for the payment of its debts. It is also due in the event of a donation of fruit or income, unless the donation has been made. expressly excluding the inheritance part.
Article 852 The costs of food, maintenance, education, training, ordinary equipment costs, wedding favors and customary gifts must not be returned, unless the disposing. The character of a customary present is assessed on the date on which it is granted and taking into account the fortune of the disposing. Article 853 The same applies to the profits that the heir may have obtained from agreements concluded with the deceased, if these agreements did not present any indirect benefit when they were made. Article 854 Similarly, no report is due for associations made without fraud between the deceased and one of his heirs, when the conditions have been settled by an authentic instrument. Article 855 The property which perished by fortuitous event and without the fault of the donee is not subject to report. However, if this property has been restored by means of compensation received due to its loss, the the donee must report it in the proportion in which the indemnity was used for its reconstitution. If the allowance has not been used for this purpose, it is itself subject to report. Article 856 The fruits of things subject to report are due from the day of the opening of the succession. Interest is only due from the day the report amount is determined. Article 857
The report is due only by the co-heir to his co-heir; it is not due to the legatees nor to the creditors of the estate. Article 858 The report is made by taking less, except in the case of the second paragraph of article 845. It cannot be demanded in kind, unless otherwise stipulated in the deed of gift. In the case of such a stipulation, the alienations and constitution of real rights granted by the donee will be extinguished by the effect of the report unless the donor has consented. Article 859 The heir also has the right to return in kind the donated property which still belongs to him on condition that this property is free of any charge or occupation which it would not have already been encumbered at the time of the donation. Article 860 The return is due from the value of the property given at the time of the partition, according to its condition at the time of the donation. If the property was alienated before the partition, account is taken of the value it had at the time of alienation. If a new asset has been subrogated to the alienated asset, the value of this asset is taken into account. new asset at the time of partition, based on its condition at the time of acquisition. However, if the depreciation of the new asset was, by reason of its nature, inevitable on the day of its acquisition, it subrogation is not taken into account. All unless otherwise stipulated in the deed of donation. If it results from such a stipulation that the value subject to report is less than the value of the property determined according to the valuation rules provided for in article 922 below, this difference forms an indirect benefit acquired from the donee excluding the inheritance part. Article 860-1 The ratio of a sum of money is equal to its amount. However, if it was used to acquire property,
the report is due for the value of this property, under the conditions provided for in article 860. Article 861 When the report is made in kind and the condition of the donated objects has been improved by the fact of the donee, it must be taken into account, having regard to what their value is increased in the time of sharing or alienation. The donee must also be taken into account for the necessary expenses he has incurred for the conservation of the property, although they did not improve it. Article 862 The co-heir who makes the return in kind may retain possession of the donated property until actual reimbursement of sums due to him for expenses or improvements. Article 863 The donee, for his part, must, in the event of a report in kind, take into account the damage and deteriorations which have reduced the value of the goods given by their actions or by their fault. Section 3: Payment of debts Paragraph 1: Debts of the co-partitioners Article 864 When the shareable mass includes a claim against one of the co-partitioners, due or not, the latter is allotted in the sharing up to the level of his rights in the mass. Due to competition, the debt is extinguished by confusion. If its amount exceeds the debtor’s rights in this mass, he owes the payment of the balance under the conditions and deadlines which affected the obligation. Article 865
Except when it relates to undivided assets, the debt is not due before the closing of the sharing operations. However, the debtor heir can decide at any time to pay it. voluntarily. Article 866 Reportable sums produce interest at the legal rate, unless otherwise stipulated. This interest runs from the opening of the succession when the heir was debtor to the deceased and from the day on which the debt is due, when it arises during joint possession. Article 867 When the co-partitioner himself has a claim to assert, he is only allocated his debt if, balance made, the account presents a balance in favor of the undivided mass. Paragraph 2: Other debts Article 870 The coheirs contribute among themselves to the payment of the debts and charges of the succession, each in proportion to what it takes. Article 871 The legatee by universal title contributes with the heirs, in proportion to his emolument; but the individual legatee is not liable for debts and charges, except however the mortgage action on the building bequeathed. Article 872 When the immovables of a succession are encumbered with annuities by special hypothec, each of the joint heirs may demand that the annuities be repaid and the immovables vacated before he or proceeded to the formation of batches. If the coheirs share the estate in the state in which it is finds, the encumbered building must be estimated at the same rate as the other buildings; it’s done deduction of the capital of the annuity from the total price; the heir in whose lot this building falls
remains solely responsible for the service of the annuity and must guarantee its coheirs. Article 873 The heirs are liable for the debts and charges of the succession, personally for their part inheritance, and mortgage for the whole; except their recourse either against their coheirs, or against the universal legatees, because of the part for which they must contribute. Article 874 The individual legatee who has discharged the debt with which the bequeathed immovable was encumbered remains subrogated the rights of the creditor against the heirs. Article 875 The co-heir who, by the effect of the mortgage, has paid more than his share of the joint debt, has no recourse against the other coheirs, only for the part that each of them owes personally in bear, even if the co-heir who paid the debt has been subrogated to the rights of creditors; without prejudice, however, to the rights of a co-heir who, by the effect of the acceptance to competition from the net assets, would have retained the right to claim payment of its debt personal, like any other creditor. Article 876 In the event of the insolvency of one of the co-heirs, his share in the mortgage debt is distributed over all others, at marc le franc. Article 877 The enforceable title against the deceased is also against the heir, eight days after the service it was made to him. Article 878
The creditors of the deceased and the legatees of sums of money may request to be preferred over the estate to any personal creditor of the heir. Conversely, the personal creditors of the heir can ask to be preferred to any creditor of the deceased on the property of the heir not collected under the succession. The right of preference gives rise to the lien on the buildings provided for in 6 ° of article 2374 and it is subject to registration in accordance with article 2383. Article 879 This right can be exercised by any act by which a creditor manifests to the competing creditor his intention to be preferred over a specific property. Article 880 It cannot be exercised when the claimant creditor has waived it. Article 881 It is prescribed, with respect to movables, by two years from the opening of the succession. With regard to buildings, the action can be exercised as long as they remain in the hands of the heir. Article 882 The creditors of a co-partitioner, to prevent the division from being made in fraud of their rights, may object to this being done without their presence: they have the right to intervene their costs; but they cannot attack a consumed share, unless, however, it has not been proceeded without them and to the detriment of an opposition which they would have formed. Section 4: Effects of sharing and guaranteeing lots Article 883
Each co-heir is deemed to have succeeded alone and immediately to all the effects included in his lot, or to him due on licitation, and never to have had the property of the other effects of the succession. The same applies to property which has become of him by any other act having the effect of terminating joint ownership. It is not distinguished according to whether the act terminates joint ownership in whole or in part, with regard to of certain assets or of certain heirs only. However, acts validly performed either by virtue of a mandate of the joint owners, or by virtue of by virtue of a judicial authorization, retain their effects whatever, during the partition, the attribution of the goods which were the subject of it. Article 884 The coheirs remain respectively guarantors, towards each other, of disturbances and evictions only which proceed from a cause prior to the partition. They are also guarantors of the insolvency of the debtor of a debt put in the lot of a co-partitioner, revealed before the partition. The guarantee does not take place if the species of eviction suffered has been excepted by a particular clause and express deed of sharing; it ceases if it is through his fault that the co-heir suffers the eviction. Article 885 Each of the coheirs is personally obliged, in proportion to his emolument, to indemnify the co-heir ousted for the loss he suffered, assessed on the day of the eviction. If one of the coheirs is insolvent, the portion for which he is liable must be equally distributed between the guaranteed and all solvent joint heirs. Article 886 The action in warranty is prescribed by two years from the eviction or discovery of the disorder. Section 5: Actions for the nullity of the partition or in addition to the share Paragraph 1: Actions for nullity of the partition Article 887
The sharing can be canceled due to violence or fraud. It can also be canceled for reason of error, if this one related to the existence or the proportion of the rights. co-dividers or on the ownership of property included in the shareable mass. If it appears that the consequences of violence, fraud or error can be remedied other than by annulment of the partition, the court may, at the request of one of the parties, order additional or corrective sharing. Article 887-1 The partition can also be canceled if one of the joint heirs has been omitted. The omitted heir may, however, request to receive his share, either in kind or in value, without cancellation of sharing. To determine this share, the assets and rights to which the division has already been carried out are reassessed in the same way as if it were a new share. Article 888 The co-partitioner who has alienated his lot in whole or in part is no longer admissible to bring an action based on fraud, error or violence, if the alienation he made is subsequent to the discovery of the fraud or error or the cessation of violence. Paragraph 2: The share in addition to the share Article 889 When one of the co-partitioners establishes having suffered an injury of more than a quarter, the complement of his share is provided to it, at the choice of the defendant, either in cash or in kind. To appreciate if there was lesion, objects are estimated according to their value at the time of the partition. The action in addition to the share is prescribed by two years from the sharing. Article 890
The action in addition to a share is allowed against any act, whatever its name, including the object is to put an end to joint ownership between co-dividers. The action is no longer allowed when a transaction has taken place following the partition or the act that takes the place of the difficulties presented by this sharing or this act. In the event of successive partial divisions, the lesion is assessed without taking into account the partial division. has already taken place when the latter has fulfilled the parties with their rights in equal parts or with still shared. Article 891 The action in addition to a share is not allowed against a sale of undivided rights made without fraud. to a co-co-owner by his co-co-owners or by one of them, when the transfer involves a defined contingency in the deed and expressly accepted by the assignee. Article 892 The simple omission of an undivided asset gives rise to an additional division relating to this asset. |
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take action
based on fraud, error or violence, if the alienation he made is subsequent to the discovery of the
fraud or error or the cessation of violence.
Paragraph 2: The share in addition to the share
Article 889
When one of the co-partitioners establishes having suffered an injury of more than a quarter, the complement of his
share is provided to it, at the choice of the defendant, either in cash or in kind. To appreciate if there was
lesion, objects are estimated according to their value at the time of the partition.
The action in addition to the share is prescribed by two years from the sharing.
Article 890
The action in addition to a share is allowed against any act, whatever its name, including
the object is to put an end to joint ownership between co-dividers.
The action is no longer allowed when a transaction has taken place following the partition or the act that
takes the place of the difficulties presented by this sharing or this act.
In the event of successive partial divisions, the lesion is assessed without taking into account the partial division.
has already taken place when the latter has fulfilled the parties with their rights in equal parts or with
still shared.
Article 891
The action in addition to a share is not allowed against a sale of undivided rights made without fraud.
to a co-co-owner by his co-co-owners or by one of them, when the transfer involves a defined contingency
in the deed and expressly accepted by the assignee.
Article 892
The simple omission of an undivided asset gives rise to an additional division relating to this asset.
